Block gas limit, numbers and time
With the release of Arbitrum Orbit, Arbitrum chains can now be L2s that settle to Ethereum (or one of their testnets), or L3s that settle to one of the Arbitrum L2 chains. For simplicity, in this page we speak in terms of Arbitrum One (L2) and Ethereum (L1), but the same logic can be applied to any chain and its parent chain.
As in Ethereum, Arbitrum clients submit transactions, and the system executes those transactions later. In Arbitrum, clients submit transactions by posting messages to the Ethereum chain, either through the sequencer or via the chain's delayed inbox.
Once in the chain's core inbox contract, transactions are processed in order. Generally, some time will elapse between when a message is put into the inbox (and timestamped) and when the contract processes the message and carries out the transaction requested by the message.
Additionally, since the calldata of Arbitrum transactions (or the DAC certificate on AnyTrustchains) is posted to Ethereum, the gas paid when executing them includes an L1 component to cover the costs of the batch poster.
This page describes what this mechanism means for the block gas limit, block numbers, and the time assumptions of the transactions submitted to Arbitrum.
Block gas limit
When submitting a transaction to Arbitrum, users are charged for both the execution cost on Arbitrum and the cost of posting its calldata to Ethereum. This dual cost structure is managed by adjusting the transaction's gas limit to reflect these two dimensions, resulting in a higher gas limit value than what would be seen for pure execution.
The gas limit of an Arbitrum block is set as the sum of all transaction gas limits, including the costs related to L1 data posting. To accommodate potential variations in L1 costs, Arbitrum assigns an artificially large gas limit (1,125,899,906,842,624) for each block. However, the effective execution gas limit is capped at 32 million. This means that while the visible gas limit might appear very high, the actual execution costs are constrained within this limit. Understanding this distinction helps clarify why querying a block might show an inflated gas limit that doesn’t match the effective execution costs.
For a more detailed breakdown of the gas model, refer to this article on Arbitrum's 2-dimensional fee structure.
Block numbers: Arbitrum vs. Ethereum
Arbitrum blocks are assigned their own L2 block numbers, distinct from Ethereum's block numbers.
A single Ethereum block could include multiple Arbitrum blocks within it; however, an Arbitrum block cannot span across multiple Ethereum blocks. Thus, any given Arbitrum transaction is associated with exactly one Ethereum block and one Arbitrum block.
Ethereum block numbers within Arbitrum
Accessing block numbers within an Arbitrum smart contract (i.e., block.number in Solidity) will return a value close to (but not necessarily exactly) the L1 block number at which the sequencer received the transaction.
// some Arbitrum contract:
block.number // => returns L1 block number ("ish")
As a general rule, any timing assumptions a contract makes about block numbers and timestamps should be considered generally reliable in the longer term (i.e., on the order of at least several hours) but unreliable in the shorter term (minutes). (It so happens these are generally the same assumptions one should operate under when using block numbers directly on Ethereum!)
Arbitrum block numbers
Arbitrum blocks have their own block numbers, starting at 0 at the Arbitrum genesis block and updating sequentially.
ArbOS and the sequencer are responsible for delineating when one Arbitrum block ends and the next one begins. However, block creation depends entirely on chain usage, meaning that blocks are only produced when there are transactions to sequence. In active chains, one can expect to see Arbitrum blocks produced at a relatively steady rate. In more quiet chains, block production might be sporadic depending on the rate at which transactions are received.
A client that queries an Arbitrum node's RPC interface (for, e.g., transaction receipts) will receive the transaction's Arbitrum block number as the standard block number field. The L1 block number will also be included in the added l1BlockNumber field.
const txnReceipt = await arbitrumProvider.getTransactionReceipt('0x...');
/**
txnReceipt.blockNumber => Arbitrum block number
txnReceipt.l1BlockNumber => L1 block number ("ish")
*/
The Arbitrum block number can also be retrieved within an Arbitrum contract via ArbSys precompile:
ArbSys(100).arbBlockNumber() // returns Arbitrum block number
Example
| Wall Clock time | 12:00 am | 12:00:15 am | 12:00:30 am | 12:00:45 am | 12:01 am | 12:01:15 am |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
L1 block.number | 1000 | 1001 | 1002 | 1003 | 1004 | 1005 |
L2 block.number * | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1000 | 1004 | 1004 |
| Arbitrum Block number (from RPCs) ** | 370000 | 370005 | 370006 | 370008 | 370012 | 370015 |
* L2 block.number: updated to sync with L1 block.number approximately every minute. Thus, over time, it will, like the L1 block.number, average to ~12 seconds per block.
** Arbitrum block number from RPCs: note that this can be updated multiple times per L1 block (this lets the sequencer give sub-L1-block-time transaction receipts.)
Case study: the Multicall contract
The Multicall contract offers a great case study for the differences between L1 and L2 block numbers.
The canonical implementation of Multicall returns the value of block.number. If attempting to use out-of-the-box, some applications might face unintended behaviour.
You can find a version of the adapted Multicall2 deployed on Arbitrum One at 0x7eCfBaa8742fDf5756DAC92fbc8b90a19b8815bF.
By default the getBlockNumber, tryBlockAndAggregate, and aggregate functions return the L2 block number. This allows you to use this value to compare your state against the tip of the chain.
The getL1BlockNumber function can be queried if applications need to surface the L1 block number.
Block timestamps: Arbitrum vs. Ethereum
Block timestamps on Arbitrum are not linked to the timestamp of the L1 block. They are updated every L2 block based on the sequencer's clock. These timestamps must follow these two rules:
- Must be always equal or greater than the previous L2 block timestamp
- Must fall within the established boundaries (24 hours earlier than the current time or 1 hour in the future). More on this below.
Furthermore, for transactions that are force-included from L1 (bypassing the sequencer), the block timestamp will be equal to either the L1 timestamp when the transaction was put in the delayed inbox on L1 (not when it was force-included), or the L2 timestamp of the previous L2 block, whichever of the two timestamps is greater.
Timestamp boundaries of the sequencer
As mentioned, block timestamps are usually set based on the sequencer's clock. Because there's a possibility that the sequencer fails to post batches on the parent chain (for example, Ethereum) for a period of time, it should have the ability to slightly adjust the timestamp of the block to account for those delays and prevent any potential reorganisations of the chain. To limit the degree to which the sequencer can adjust timestamps, some boundaries are set, currently to 24 hours earlier than the current time, and 1 hour in the future.